CONTENTS EXPANDED
(Tr.: Have added further secondary alpha-numeric divisions present in the text that were not included in the "Contents" page of the book. Some have an italicized first sentence and these have been incorporated. For those without an explicit title I have provided one in square brackets "[ ]" abstracted from the corresponding section)


OUTSIDE BACK COVER ---{0}

TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION ---{//}

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION ---{ i }



THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF WESTERN METAPHYSICS


INTRODUCTION ---{11}

I. East and West ---{11}
1) West as opposed to the Asiatic East, primarily India ---{11}
2) Greece as East of Europe ---{13}
---A) Greece as point of departure for Western metaphysics ---{13}
---B) Greek thought as the very possibility for Western philosophy ---{14}
------a) Greece belongs to the internal possibilities of Western philosophy ---{14}
------b) Christianity constitutes Western Europe with its new idea of world and man,
---------and essentially modifies Greek concepts to deal with problems Greek thought
---------never faced ---{14}

II. What is metaphysics? ---{16}
1) Metaphysics for the Greeks was the search for supreme wisdom ---{16}
2) Metaphysics is the “formal” definition of philosophy ---{17}
3) What is that radical ultimateness for which metaphysics searches? ---{17}
---A-1) Metaphysics aims for something “beyond” the “obvious” ---{17}
---A-2) What do we understand by the “obvious”? ---{18}
---B) Metaphysics as the science of the violent vision of the diaphanous ---{19}
------i) Transcendentality is the definition of metaphysics ---{19}
------ii) What is the violence of the diaphanous? ---{22}
---C) In what does the ultimate diaphaneity consist? ---{26}

III. Fundamentality of metaphysics ---{26}
1) The moment of diaphaneity of things is that from which
---we intellectually know things ---{27}
2) Diaphaneity is the unity between intelligence and clarity ---{27}

IV. Problematic characteristic of metaphysical fundamentality ---{30}


CHAPTER 1
THE FIRST PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE ---{39}

§ 1. The philosophical search before Aristotle.
Search for the ón ---{41}

§ 2. Aporetic characteristic of this search ---{51}

§ 3. The Aristotelian search ---{53}
I. The Aristotelian idea of ón. The ón and the horizon of motion. ---{53}
II. First philosophy as a science being searched for ---{63}


CHAPTER 2
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (1)
ST. THOMAS ---{71}

Introduction
THE HORIZON OF NOTHINGNESS ---{71}

§ 1. The purification of Aristotelian concepts ---{79}
---I. The idea of philosophy as metaphysics ---{79}
---II. The object of metaphysics and the idea of entity ---{83}
------First question. What does St. Thomas understand by entity? ---{91}
------Second question. What are the characteristics of entity? ---{92}
------Third question. What is the relationship between these characteristics and
---------entity? ---{95}

§ 2. The vision of entity in St. Thomas ---{99}
---I. The entification of the real. The horizon of nothingness and the
------intrinsic finitude of created entity ---{100}
---II. The entification of God ---{105}

§ 3. The character of metaphysics ---{113}


CHAPTER 3
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (2)
DESCARTES ---{123}

§ 1. The horizon of nothingness, uncertainty. ---{126}

§ 2. The stepping march of the problem ---{129}
---I. Doubt and certainty ---{129}
---II. Certainty and evidence ---{131}
---III. Evidence and truth ---{136}
------1. Truth as firmness ---{137}
------2. Truth as manifestation ---{137}
------3. Truth as transcendental ---{138}
------4. Truth as transcendent ---{140}
---------1) [The first transcendental for Descartes is the verum] ---{146}
---------2) [Transcendent truth is a freely desired characteristic by God] ---{146}
---------3) [Transcendent truth is a veritas facti, the fact of the
------------most free creation by God] ---{147}
---------4) [The transcendental order is purely and simply
------------a contingent fact] ---{147}


CHAPTER 4
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (3)
LEIBNIZ ---{151}

§ 1. The problem of Leibniz. The horizon of nothingness. Possibility. ---{151}

§ 2. The stepping march of the problem ---{154}
---I. Idea and possibility ---{154}
---II. Possibility and reality ---{160}
---III. Structure of the transcendental order ---{163}
------1. Transcendentality as such ---{164}
------2. The transcendental unity of the world. Optimism. ---{167}
------3. The transcendental unity of entity. The monad. ---{169}
---IV. Philosophy as science of the principles of reason ---{174}


CHAPTER 5
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (4)
KANT ---{183}

§ 1. Introduction. The horizon of nothingness. Objectuality. ---{183}

§ 2. The problem of Kant ---{189}

§ 3. The stepping march of the problem ---{199}

I. The principle of transcendentality ---{199}

II. Constitution of the transcendental order ---{206}
---1. Moment of objectuality: the categorial ---{208}
---2. Moment of fact ---{211}
------[First. In the end, the transcendental order for Kant, starting from intelligence,
---------is the order of objectual intelligibility of something given.]
------[Second. It is an order constituted by the understanding of something given.]
------[Third. It is a necessary a priori order. And in this Kant will be inflexible.]
------[Fourth. It is an order founded on one principle, the “I think”.]

---A) The empirical fact: synthesis of the categorial
------and the phenomenal ---{213}
---B) The moral fact ---{224}
------a) Its absolute characteristic: transcendental
---------freedom and person ---{225}
------b) Its own intelligibility ---{232}

III. The unity of Kantian metaphysics ---{238}
1. By its way of conceptiveness ---{239}
2. By its object ---{240}
3. By its principle ---{244}


CHAPTER 6
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (5)
HEGEL ---{247}

§ 1. The problem of Hegel. Horizon of nothingness.
The absolute and reason ---{248}

§ 2. The stepping march of the problem ---{251}

I. The discovery of reason. From
conscience to absolute knowing ---{251}

II. The internal structure of reason ---{269}
---1. Formal characteristics of reason ---{274}
------A) Living unity ---{275}
------B) Logicality ---{276}
------C) Motion ---{278}
------D) Dialectic ---{281}
---2. Processable characteristic of reason. From being to idea ---{290}

III. The realization of reason ---{296}
---1. Reason as thinking activity. Reason and creation ---{296}
---2. The stages of thinking activity ---{300}
------A) Reason realized “outside of itself”. Nature ---{301}
------B) Reason “returning to itself”. Spirit (from finite spirit
---------to absolute spirit) ---{306}


CONCLUSION
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM.
THE PROBLEM OF INTELLIGENCE ---{321}

§ 1. Intelligence as problem ---{322}
---I. Ratio, intellectus concipiens, noűs. ---{324}
---II. Sensibility ---{328}

§ 2. The idea of sentient intelligence ---{329}
---I. Sensing and that which is given in sensing ---{329}
---II. The formal characteristic of intellection ---{333}
---III. Sentient intelligence ---{334}
------1. Its essential structure ---{335}
------2. Intelligence and reason ---{343}
---IV. Transcendental reason and the problem of metaphysics ---{344}